From: Giant cell arteritis: pathogenic mechanisms and new potential therapeutic targets
Non-HLA Locus | Function |
---|---|
Sample size ≥ 1000a | |
 Plasminogen (PLG) [8] | Lymphocyte recruitment, wound healing, fibrinolysis, angiogenesis |
 Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha 2 (P4HA2) [8] | Collagen biosynthesis, folding of procollagen chains, hypoxia response |
 Tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) [102] | Regulation of T and B cell receptor signaling |
 Interleukin-12B [8] | Th1 differentiation |
Th17 lymphocyte differentiation and maintenance | |
 Interleukin-33 [105] | Th2 lymphocyte and mast cell activation, endothelial cell activation |
Sample size ≥ 500 | |
 NLR family pyrin domain containing 1 (NLRP1) [106] | Inflammasome assembly, activation of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33 |
Sample size ≥ 250 | |
 CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) [107] | Proinflammatory chemokine activating cellular chemotaxis of macrophages, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells |
 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ([108]; [109]; [110]) | Neoangiogenesis, vascular remodeling |
Pleotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine | |
Sample size < 250 | |
Synthesis of nitric oxide; regulation of endothelial cell vascular tone, cellular proliferation, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion | |
 Tumor necrosis factor-a2 (TNFa2) [115] | Pleotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine |
 Interleukin-10 [116] | Regulation of Th1 and Th2 immunity, skews immune response to Th2 phenotype by inhibition of IL-12 production |
 Interleukin-18 [117] | Th1 differentiation |