Table 6 Bias assessment in three RCTs
Study | Selection bias | Performance bias | Detection bias | Attrition bias | Reporting bias | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of participants and personnel | Blinding of outcome assessment | Incomplete outcome data | Selective reporting | |
Sofat et al. [15] | Randomization was implemented through sequentially numbered container | Not mentioned | Blind to participants | Blind to investigators | 13/65 participants quit the study | All prespecified outcomes were reported |
Judgement | Low risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk |
Ohtori et al. [17] | Patients were randomized with the minimization method | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Blind to observers for radiographic evaluation of Knee OA | No participant quit the study | All prespecified outcomes were reported |
Judgement | Low risk | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Moghaddam et al. [18] | Patients were randomized by random number | Not mentioned | Blind to participants | Blind to investigators | No participant quit the study | All prespecified outcomes were reported |
Judgement | Low risk | Unclear risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |