A combination of two or more unhealthy lifestyle factors is associated with impaired physical and mental health in patients with spondyloarthritis: a cross-sectional study

Table 4 Results from logistic regression analyses for having ≥ 2 unhealthy lifestyle factors

Independent variables			Dependent variable
	≥ 2	< 2	≥ 2 unhealthy lifestyle factors
	Unhealthy lifestyle factors		≥ 2 unhealthy lifestyle factors
	Mean (SD)		OR 95% CI	p value
Age, years	58.6 (11.6)	57.3 (14.0)	1.01 (1.00;1.01)	0.161
SpA subgroup
AS			1
PsA			1.40 (1.10;1.78)	0.007
USpA			0.96 (0.70;1.33)	0.818
EQ-5D (0–1)^a	0.62 (0.27)	0.71 (0.22)	0.25 (0.16;0.39)	≤ 0.001
BASDAI (0–10)	4.4 (2.2)	3.5 (2.1)	1.21 (1.15;1.27)	≤ 0.001
BASFI (0–10)	3.8 (2.5)	2.7 (2.4)	1.19 (1.14;1.25)	≤ 0.001
Pain (0–10)	4.6 (2.5)	3.7 (2.4)	1.16 (1.11;1.22)	≤ 0.001
Fatigue (0–10)	5.3 (2.7)	4.4 (2.7)	1.14 (1.10; 1.19)	≤ 0.001
HADs anxiety (0–21)	6.1 (4.6)	5.1 (4.1)	1.06 (1.03;1.08)	≤ 0.001
HADs depression (0–21)	4.8 (3.8)	3.7 (3.3)	1.09 (1.06;1.12)	≤ 0.001

Presented with odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI. Age and SpA subgroup were included in all analyses, and all other variables were added separately, and adjusted for age and SpA subgroup. Number of patients included in analyses (range: n = 1426–1360)
SpA spondyloarthritis, AS ankylosing spondylitis, PsA psoriatic arthritis, USpA undifferentiated spondyloarthritis, EQ-5D EuroQoL 5-dimensions, BASDAI Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, BASFI Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, HADs Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale
^aUtilities calculated by the British time trade-off-based preference set. Missing data: EQ-5D: 66 (5%), BASDAI: 31 (2%), BASFI: 24 (1.7%), Pain/Fatigue 5 (0.3%), HADs anxiety/depression: 9 (0.6%)

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