The student patient alliance: development and formative evaluation of an initiative to support collaborations between patient and public involvement partners and doctoral students

Background While the integration of patient and public involvement (PPI) in clinical research is now widespread and recommended as standard practice, meaningful PPI in pre-clinical, discovery science research is more difficult to achieve. One potential way to address this is by integrating PPI into the training programmes of discovery science postgraduate doctoral students. This paper describes the development and formative evaluation of the Student Patient Alliance (SPA), a programme developed at the University of Birmingham that connects PPI partners with doctoral students. Methods Following a successful pilot of the SPA by the Rheumatology Research Group at the University of Birmingham, the scheme was implemented across several collaborating Versus Arthritis / Medical Research Council (MRC) centres of excellence. Doctoral students were partnered with PPI partners, provided with initial information and guidance, and then encouraged to work together on research and public engagement activities. After six months, students, their PPI partners and the PPI coordinators at each centre completed brief surveys about their participation in the SPA. Results Both doctoral students and their PPI partners felt that taking part in SPA had a positive impact on understanding, motivation and communication skills. Students reported an increased understanding of PPI and patient priorities and reported improved public engagement skills. Their PPI partners reported a positive impact of the collaboration with the students. They enjoyed learning about the student’s research and contributing to the student’s personal development. PPI coordinators also highlighted the benefits of the SPA, but noted some challenges they had experienced, such as difficulties matching students with PPI partners. Conclusions The SPA was valued by students and PPI partners, and it is likely that initiatives of this kind would enhance students’ PPI and public engagement skills and awareness of patients’ experiences on a wider scale. However, appropriate resources are needed at an institutional level to support the implementation of effective programmes of this kind on a larger scale. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41927-023-00359-2.


Background
The involvement of members of the public, patients, and carers in research is often referred to as patient and public involvement (PPI) and can be defined as "research carried out 'with' or 'by' members of the public rather than 'to' , 'about' or 'for' them" [1].PPI is widely recognised to enhance research relevance, accountability, acceptability, quality, and dissemination (including to lay audiences), whilst also increasing the chances of the research being implemented [2,3].Not only can PPI be beneficial for research, but it can, and should be beneficial to the PPI partners themselves, and the people they represent, allowing their voice to be heard and make a positive difference to research [3] and in many cases the feeling that they can 'give back' to the community.It is also important to note that for many research funders, PPI has become a key requirement [4].
The rheumatology research community has played a pioneering role during the development of PPI in (clinical) research and has provided an exemplar for many other specialities in implementing and developing PPI strategies [5].For example, the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) developed recommendations [6] and resources [7] to support PPI in rheumatology research, with other rheumatology organisations and charity funders following suit [8].However, whereas integration of PPI in clinical research in rheumatology is now widespread, implementing meaningful PPI in pre-clinical, discovery science research has proven more challenging [9].Discovery scientists' concerns around integrating PPI in their research are varied and include: problems communicating complex scientific information to the lay public, concerns around public opinion on animal testing, lack of knowledge around how they can implement PPI in their research, and the time and resources needed to deliver successful and impactful PPI [2].Furthermore, patients have indicated concerns about difficulty in understanding the message conveyed by discovery scientists and that they feel they do not have a common language [10], although there have been examples of effective solutions, such as the co-development of a glossary of relevant scientific terms and concepts [11].
PPI in discovery science is an important means to enhance research accountability, ensuring that research is relevant to the needs and priorities of the target community, and to increase researcher motivation by better understanding the impact of the conditions they are researching [12].PPI partners can further review and improve lay materials in grant applications and, where applicable, patient-facing materials, and be involved in the dissemination activities and advocacy roles [8,13].
In order to facilitate the integration of PPI in discovery research, relevant training for both researchers and PPI partners should be considered [9].A report of a meeting of PPI partners and researchers involved in the Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis (RACE) highlighted PPI partners' views that PPI should be integrated into researchers' training from the earliest stages to facilitate meaningful PPI in rheumatology research [10].
A few examples of successful integration of PPI in doctoral training in other disease areas have described positive impacts of the collaboration with PPI partners such as improved researcher self-esteem, reduced student isolation, a beneficial impact on the progression of research and an increased understanding of how PPI can be integrated into research (e.g., [14][15][16], but further examples are needed, especially in relation to discovery science. Recognising the need for doctoral students to understand the value of PPI, to learn about patient experiences of disease and priorities for research, and to learn how to communicate with the public about their research, the Student Patient Alliance (SPA) initiative was developed by the Rheumatology Research Group (RRG) and the Rheumatology Research Patient Partnership (R2P2 [17]) at the University of Birmingham, UK.The SPA initiative partners doctoral research students, the majority of whom are engaged in pre-clinical research, with one or more PPI partners throughout their doctoral studies and provides training and information resources for both students and their PPI partners for this process.
The SPA has now been implemented across collaborating research centres and this paper describes the development and evaluation of the SPA from the perspectives of the doctoral students, their PPI partners and PPI coordinators in the participating centres.We aim to share our experiences and reflect on the findings of the evaluation to identify barriers and facilitators to effective partnerships between doctoral students and PPI partners, which could be considered in future initiatives of this kind.

Methods
The SPA was developed in two phases, starting with a local pilot which ran from December 2018 to June 2020, and a full implementation phase across multiple research centres and collaborating sites in early 2021.The feedback and experiences from the pilot were used as a basis for the implementation of the SPA on a larger scale and informed the materials supplied.A preprint version of this manuscript was previously published online [18].

Student Patient Alliance initial pilot scheme
The initial pilot of the SPA started in December 2018 at the University of Birmingham (Birmingham, UK) with three doctoral students undertaking laboratory-based rheumatology research, and seven PPI partners from R2P2 (all of whom were patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases).Students were partnered with one or more PPI partners who had volunteered for the SPA by the R2P2 coordinators based on the students' research area and the interests of the PPI partners and, where possible, the relevant disease area.During an initial face-to-face 'kick-off ' meeting, both groups received further information about the SPA and were provided with an opportunity to introduce themselves to each other informally.
Students and their PPI partners were given information about PPI and related training resources and opportunities, including guidance on writing/providing feedback on a lay summary of research.Students were subsequently asked to take the lead in contacting their PPI partners and facilitating their involvement.Students were asked to ensure that any face-to-face meetings with PPI partners should be conducted on university or hospital premises to minimize any risks to students' safety and wellbeing.However, we acknowledge that more flexible arrangements with appropriate safeguarding measures could increase accessibility and convenience for PPI partners.Students were asked to conduct at least one PPI activity with their partner(s) (e.g., producing a poster or an oral presentation for the general public).A list of the actions required of the students is shown in Table 1.
As part of the pilot, all three doctoral students attended a progress meeting with the R2P2 administrator and academic facilitator in April 2019.The students and four of the PPI partners attended a follow-up meeting with the R2P2 administrator, academic lead and academic facilitator in February 2020 to discuss their experiences of working together and identify issues to be addressed in further iterations of the SPA.This discussion was audio recorded and transcribed verbatim by the R2P2 administrator.The meeting transcript was read by the R2P2 academic lead and facilitator (both with expertise in qualitative research methods) who independently noted salient discussion points and related quotations, and then met to compare and collate them into a narrative description.

Student Patient Alliance implementation across collaborating centres
After a delay of approximately 2 months, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the SPA was implemented (online) between January and February 2021 for rheumatology research doctoral students at the University of Birmingham and across partnering institutions in our centres of excellence across the UK (RACE, funded by Versus Arthritis, incorporating the Universities of Birmingham, Glasgow, Newcastle and Oxford and the Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research (CMAR), funded by Versus Arthritis and the Medical Research Council which includes the Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham).
The PPI coordinators (who were paid employees with managerial roles including PPI, apart from one employee with a full-time PPI role) at each research centre invited PPI partners from the local PPI groups to participate in the SPA initiative, matched doctoral students with the volunteer PPI partners and facilitated initial online meetings.The matching of students and PPI partners varied across centres and sites.Students typically produced a short lay summary of their intended or ongoing doctoral research project which was either distributed to the PPI partners before an initial online meeting or presented by the students to the PPI partners during this introductory meeting.Where possible, PPI coordinators matched students and PPI partners with similar interests and within the relevant disease area.In several cases, the PPI partners were given the opportunity (either in a type of 'speed dating' exercise during the meeting or via email prior to the meeting) to indicate the doctoral project they were most interested in and, where possible, a match was made by PPI coordinators on that basis.

Table 1 SPA local pilot -expectation for student participation
Students taking part in the SPA pilot were asked to complete the following actions: • Take the lead in contacting their PPI partner(s) and facilitate their involvement • Provide feedback to PPI partners on the impact of their involvement • Record PPI activities, impact and any feedback given to their partner(s) about the impact of their involvement (using the standardised form available as Supplementary Material 1) • Ensure any face-to-face meetings were held on university/hospital premises • Work with their PPI partner to develop at least one of the following: o plain English language summary of their research area/ findings o article/video for R2P2 website o elevator-pitch speech (a one-minute impactful summary of their research) o poster/oral presentation for a general audience o public engagement activity/event • Attend progress and evaluation meetings together with PPI partners Information packs and resources for students and their PPI partners used in the pilot scheme were updated to reflect learnings from the SPA pilot exercise and to include additional guidance for remote meetings between students and their PPI partners in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.These materials were provided to the designated PPI coordinators at each participating centre, who were asked to adapt these for their local context and distribute them to students and their PPI partners, following the procedures used for the pilot scheme at the University of Birmingham.PPI coordinators were also asked to remind students to complete a record of PPI activity (Supplementary Materials 2).Students were further given the same list of expectations as in the pilot (Table 1) with the additional instruction to move meetings to video conferencing software (Zoom or Microsoft Teams) and/or communicate via phone and/or email when requested by the PPI partner or when necessary due to the ongoing pandemic.
Two feedback questionnaires (one for students and another for PPI partners) were developed by the PPI team at Birmingham, with input from students and PPI partners participating in the SPA pilot scheme who completed and returned a draft version of the questionnaires and provided feedback on its content and format.This feedback was incorporated in the final web-based version of the questionnaires (Supplementary Materials 3).All participating students and PPI partners were asked by their local PPI coordinators to complete the relevant questionnaire approximately six months after starting with the SPA.Both questionnaires included several statements regarding impact to which respondents indicated their level of agreement on a 5-point Likert scale, as well as several open-ended feedback questions.PPI partners were further asked which research activities they were involved in with their current SPA student.The PPI partner feedback questionnaire also included a 10-point Likert scale measuring their satisfaction with the collaboration with their student partner(s) (from 1,not at all satisfied, to 10, extremely satisfied).
In addition, in November 2021, the PPI coordinators at each participating centre were asked to complete a short survey on their experiences of the SPA scheme.In a series of open-ended questions, they were asked if they shared the information pack with students and/or PPI partners and if they modified any of the documents and/or provided additional resources, as well as questions about the local matching process and support they had given to their students and/or PPI partners.

Learnings from the SPA pilot
During the pilot, all three doctoral students collaborated with their PPI partner(s) to co-produce outputs and activities including award-winning posters, published online abstracts [19], exhibits for public engagement events at the University of Birmingham and oral co-presentations at an annual meeting of the R2P2 patient partnership group.Specific opportunities for collaborations of this kind were reported as useful to structure meetings between students and patients.Quotes from the pilot progress meeting are shown below and can be found in Supplementary Materials 4.
All students and their PPI partners described their experience of working together as very positive.In addition to the development of public engagement skills, students reported that explaining their research to their partners at an early stage in their project helped to consolidate their own understanding of their field.Students further valued learning from patients' experiences of illness and treatment, which increased their understanding of the clinical relevance of their research and enhanced their own motivation: "

It kept my focus on the bench-to-bedside aspect because I think us being basic science researchers, we're really focused on getting the right research design, having the right experiments, testing everything at a very molecular level and I think we tend to forget that the only reason that we're doing this is to actually improve patients' lives… And it does bring my motivation up quite a bit, particularly if things aren't going terribly well in the labs or if I'm in a transition part of the project. " (Student).
PPI partners reported enjoying learning about innovative scientific research and hearing about research progress, which they described as inspiring and providing hope for the future.They also enjoyed providing positive feedback and encouragement to the students, which students in turn described as motivating.
"I could see, yes you were getting somewhere with it and there's almost a feeling of excitement that when we next meet up in the next couple of months or so -I'm interested to see, has that line of research gone further.And maybe with everybody that's studying and working its quite good to have perhaps some positive feedback and I think the patient partners can do that.Because you do feel this gratitude for the fact that somebody's doing something that might help you but probably more likely help other people." (PPI partner).
When discussing areas to address in future initiatives, it was noted that not all students would be proactive or comfortable about leading the collaboration and it was suggested to highlight key benefits, for both students and PPI partners, at the outset.However, it was felt that the student-led approach offered flexibility and informality that fostered relationship-building between students and PPI partners.Students and their PPI partners agreed that some potential PPI partners may not be comfortable with supporting research involving animals and highlighted the importance of making PPI partners aware of any potential animal work before students and their partners begin working together.
" The findings from the pilot were used to inform the methodology and formal implementation of SPA across collaborative research centres.The SPA feedback questionnaires were updated with input from pilot students and PPI partners and additional materials were made available for the new cohorts, including a video about working together to produce research posters made by a student and their PPI partner from the SPA pilot.Feedback around issues such as animal work further informed introductory meetings.Students and PPI partners who participated in the SPA pilot were invited to be coauthors of this manuscript.

Characteristics of students and PPI partners
For the first full implementation of the SPA, 20 doctoral students participated from across the CMAR and RACE research centres; 19 students (95%) completed the feedback forms.One student had taken a leave of absence at the time of survey completion.Seven of the 19 students (37%) were in their first year of study, six (32%) in their second year and the remaining six (32%) in their third year of study.Fifteen students (79%) were entirely laboratory-based, two were doing clinical research and two combined laboratory and clinical research.
A total of 20 PPI partners were originally involved with this implementation of the SPA, although two PPI partners had to drop out for unspecified reasons (Table 2).The majority (90%) of students were teamed with one PPI partner each, one student had two PPI partners and one student had no PPI support due to the drop-out of their PPI partner (a new PPI partner has since been found, but data are not yet available).One PPI partner supported two students at different CMAR sites.Of the 18 PPI partners who stayed in the programme, 16 (89%) completed the feedback forms, with one completing feedback forms for both of their students.Eight students (42%) indicated that they worked with a PPI partner(s) who had a disease they perceived to be directly relevant to their research area.Further details of the student participants and their partners across the centres can be found in Table 2.
Nine students (47%) first learned about the SPA initiative from the local PPI coordinator or other university staff; eight (42%) from their doctoral supervisor and the remainder from another source.Eleven PPI partners (65%) first learned about the SPA initiative from their local PPI group, the others heard about it through a community notice board (n = 1; 6%), email or website (n = 1; 6%), word of mouth (n = 1; 6%) or from University or PPI staff (n = 3; 18%).

Feedback from students related to SPA and PPI resources, training and support
Seventeen of the 19 students who completed the survey (89%) reported they had received PPI resources.Fourteen students (74%) reported that they had received the dedicated SPA resources and five of these students (26%) also received NIHR/INVOLVE guidance and/ or research funder resources.Three students (16%) stated they had only received PPI information from their research funder.Fifteen (88%) of the 17 students who received PPI resources found them useful (Table 3).
The students also made suggestions for resources and training they felt would have helped them, including free access to the Pro version of Zoom for all students and their PPI partners to facilitate online meetings without time limits during the pandemic when in-person meetings were not possible (this facility was available to students at some universities but not others).Other resources they would have found useful included examples of a good poster or presentation in plain English, and information on communicating scientific methods to a public audience, demonstrating appropriate content and language to use.It was also suggested by some that students and PPI partners should be linked up earlier in the doctoral research cycle (due to the timing of the SPA roll-out, this was only later in their doctoral research for some students).
In terms of additional support, 12 of the students (63%) indicated that they received some form of administrative support for PPI from their host institution in the form of arranging telephone or video calls with PPI partners; providing information about PPI and training opportunities; support with reimbursement of PPI partners' expenses and payments.

Feedback from students related to the impact of the SPA
Fourteen students (74%) agreed or strongly agreed that participating in the SPA improved their knowledge of PPI and patient priorities and 16 (84%) indicated that it increased their confidence in communicating with the public, but many did not agree with the statement that the SPA changed their research design (n = 12; 63% disagreed/strongly disagreed) or their future research plans (n = 8; 42% disagreed/strongly disagreed) as a result of their interactions with their PPI partner.Students' evaluation of the impact of SPA is summarised in Table 3.The responses for one student were based on their experience of collaborating with two PPI partners, but they completed one survey.*One student could not complete the 'Understanding' questions as they had had no contact with their allocated PPI partner, so frequencies are based on 18 responses for those questions.**This includes students who stated that their PPI partner did not have a disease relevant to their research area Fifteen students (79%) further described positive impacts of taking part in SPA in the free text responses.They described how engaging with their PPI partner improved their communication and public engagement skills; how they found it beneficial to hear from people with a chronic condition and how it affects daily life; and that they gained new perspectives.
"I feel more confident speaking about immunology, especially to someone with less/no experience in the field.I have thoroughly enjoyed trying to answer my patient's questions and has helped me understand the immunology from a clinical perspective with 'real-world' examples." (Student).
Five students (26%) also reported negative impacts or challenges in their free-text responses.These included: difficulty in making laboratory research interesting for PPI partners; challenges in finding appropriate activities for PPI partners; and reduced or delayed opportunities to engage with PPI partners due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Whilst some students identified time commitment as a negatively impacting factor, others recognised the time commitment as a potential negative impact but described it as minimal, or felt it was worth the time and effort: "

I wouldn't say being part of the SPA programme has had any significant negative impact on me or my research overall. It takes a bit of time, but I think what I get out of it is absolutely worth the extra time I put into it. " (Student).
Furthermore, 6 out of 8 students (75%) who reported that their partner(s) had a health condition directly relevant to their research area, agreed or strongly agreed that taking part in the SPA had improved their understanding of this disease and 15 students (83%) (strongly) agreed that taking part in the SPA had improved their understanding of their research from the public's point of view.Eleven (61%) would be likely or very likely to recommend the SPA to others (Table 3).
There were no apparent differences in feedback between those students who were partnered with a PPI partner whom they perceived to have a relevant illness to their doctoral research and those that perceived this was not the case in any of the ratings.There were also no apparent differences between those students who were purely laboratory-based and those who had a clinical element to their research.

Feedback from PPI partners related to involvement in research activities
Table 4 gives an overview of PPI partner involvement in specific research activities in collaboration with their SPA student.Seven PPI partners (41%) reported being involved in developing plain English language summaries of research and nine (53%) were involved in the development of research presentations and posters.Four PPI partners (23%) reported being involved in advising on research design, analysis or findings.Nine PPI partners (53%) were involved in at least two research activities during their collaboration with the student(s).

Feedback from PPI partners on interactions with student partners and the impact of the collaboration
Most PPI partners were (extremely) satisfied with the amount of interaction they had with their student partner(s) and a majority of the PPI partners felt they received enough feedback from their student partner(s) on the impact of their involvement in the research project(s).Table 5 gives an overview of the PPI partners' feedback scoring.Most PPI partners (n = 14; 82%) indicated that overall, the collaboration with their student partner(s) had a positive/very positive impact on them, with none reporting a negative impact (Table 5).PPI partners further described specific positive aspects such as having "friendly, fruitful and meaningful" discussions with their student, being able to pass on the benefit of their experiences and being able to put their coaching and mentoring skills into practice, amongst other things.They looked forward to continuing the partnership: "This is currently an ongoing process and I look forward to supporting my student for the duration of [their] research.I felt the initial sessions over Zoom were well organised to introduce the opportunities to volunteers like myself and introductions to the students enabled a clear understanding of this role to be realised.Matching students and volunteers was well thought out." (PPI partner).One PPI partner completed 2 evaluation surveys, 1 for each of the students they were partnered with and the data from both evaluation surveys is included in this table

Statements
0 Please note, one PPI partner completed 2 evaluation surveys, 1 for each of the students they were partnered with and the data from both evaluation surveys is included in this table PPI partners also perceived some negative aspects.For example, one individual felt that within the overall SPA programme, there was a lack of equality, diversity and inclusion in terms of university staff and student representation.Another PPI partners mentioned that they did not feel that their student partner's supervisor understood the role of PPI in research.Some perceived the student projects to be pre-defined and felt this made it less of a PPI opportunity: "In my opinion, this is not true PPI project as the research is already decided at this stage of the academic life cycle, with very specific outcomes."(PPI partner).
The fact that no in-person meetings could take place due to the COVID-19 pandemic was also perceived negatively.However, the majority of PPI partners (n = 13; 76%) were likely or very likely to recommend the SPA scheme to others, with none not likely to recommend the SPA (Table 5).

Feedback from PPI partners on training and learning opportunities
All but one of the PPI partners who completed the survey indicated that they had undertaken/received a training or learning opportunity during their involvement with the SPA.In most cases this involved courses or workshops about PPI in research, often in combination with the use of the SPA and/or NIHR/INVOLVE materials provided.PPI partners indicated that in future they would like to receive information on who to contact when a student was not in regular contact.They would also like support with improving virtual interactions and would like more in-person seminars and workshops.

Feedback from PPI coordinators at the research centres
Feedback was received from three PPI coordinators who implemented the SPA in their local teams.They reported they shared the documents in the information pack provided by Birmingham with the students and PPI partners although some modifications were made to ensure the documents were relevant to the local research centre/ site.Not all available information related to virtual meetings during the pandemic was shared as different sites used different platforms.
PPI coordinators indicated that it was not always possible to match the student with a PPI partner with a health condition directly relevant to their doctoral research topic and that students had been informed in advance that this was a possibility.Where appropriate, PPI partners were also advised that there was a possibility that the doctoral research topic might not match their particular health condition or that they might not be matched with the student whose project they found most interesting.
PPI coordinators were positive about SPA.For example, one indicated that they felt that the SPA initiative was important in developing the researchers of the future and that PPI should be embedded from the very start of the students' research careers.Others indicated that they felt students benefited from the SPA in terms of seeing their research from a new perspective and being able to communicate their ideas to new audiences.Furthermore, it was felt that the PPI partners benefitted socially from being involved in the SPA and valued feeling they were giving something back in return for the medical care they had received in the past.
PPI coordinators had several recommendations for future iterations of the SPA.They indicated that at a local level, it would be useful to supplement generic SPA resources with other in-house opportunities, such as local PPI workshops.They also felt it was important to have a contingency plan in place in case students or PPI partners were unable to continue with the SPA and to be clearer about this possibility with all parties from the outset.They also indicated that the recruitment of PPI partners for the SPA should start early for new cohorts of students, but they would use similar processes to match/introduce students to PPI partners.They further highlighted the importance of managing expectations of students and their PPI partners around the matching process but also the type of activities the students and their partners would be likely to undertake together from the outset.

Discussion
Our study provides one of few accounts of the development and evaluation of an initiative to partner doctoral students (predominantly engaged in discovery, laboratory-based science) with PPI partners.Overall, the pilot and first wave of full implementation of the SPA have been a successful and largely positive experience as evidenced by the feedback from participants, both students and PPI partners.In addition, some important lessons have been learned through the implementation and evaluation, which should lead to further improvements for future iterations of this SPA.
Both students and their PPI partners felt that taking part in SPA had a positive or very positive impact.Students reported an increased understanding of PPI and patient priorities and reported improved public engagement and communication skills.They valued getting different perspectives and learning how chronic health conditions may affect the daily lives of those who live with these conditions.PPI partners highlighted the positive impact of having meaningful discussions and acting as a mentor to 'their' students.
Most students indicated that they did not change their research design or their current and future research plans as a result of PPI, though this was not an explicit objective of the SPA initiative.This also reflects that many of the students had already started their doctoral degree when the SPA was rolled out and as a consequence the opportunities to change the design or future plans were more limited.In some centres however, PPI partners were involved from an earlier stage in the selection of doctoral research projects.Challenges reported by students included the time commitment needed for effective PPI and difficulty finding appropriate involvement opportunities for their PPI partners.Both students and PPI partners further mentioned limitations due to the COVID-19 pandemic and expressed the hope for future face-to-face meetings, recognising an important social component of the SPA partnership.Indeed, feelings of loneliness and anxiety as a result of the enforced social isolation during COVID-19-related lockdowns have been found to affect large proportions of academic staff and students [20].
Findings from previous research and evaluations around the integration of PPI in doctoral studies in other areas have also been largely positive [15,16].The current findings are in line with findings that PPI contributed to motivating junior discovery scientists and was valued by both researchers and PPI partners, though PPI was not perceived to impact the discovery science directly [9].In part, this might be the nature of doctoral research projects in the biomedical sciences, where the doctoral candidate's main research theme and programme are often predefined as part of the initial funding application.One PPI partner in the present study felt that the doctoral supervisor did not value PPI and thus this collaboration might have suffered as a result.This highlights the need for embedding PPI at an early career stage using methods as exemplified by the SPA, and the importance of support from senior investigators.
Although it did not appear to impact the student ratings in the relatively small sample of this evaluation, not all students felt that they were matched up with a PPI partner who had a disease relevant to their doctoral research topic.Some PPI coordinators indicated that they struggled to find PPI partners with the relevant condition for some students and suggested it would be prudent to start the search for PPI partners at an earlier stage, although the positive experiences in our study suggest this need not be an absolute requirement.
Students indicated a desire for further training materials addressing approaches to conveying scientific methods to a lay audience, including the appropriate content and language to use, as well as examples of these.Although training resources were made available and included a guide to writing a lay summary for both researchers and PPI partners, it appears these were not always received, not perceived to be comprehensive enough or not relevant to the needs of students doing complex discovery science research.
Although providing feedback to patient partners was a requirement both in the SPA pilot and full implementation phase, this did not happen in all collaborations.Feedback enables PPI partners to assess whether their input has been valued, and impactful.It also motivates them and increases their confidence [21].To retain PPI partners for the SPA and similar initiatives, more formal requirements/expectations may be needed to ensure effective feedback to PPI partners.Here there may be a role for PPI coordinators, as well as support from students' supervisors.We did not formally seek feedback from the students' supervisors in this study, but this would be helpful in future to understand their perceptions of the SPA on the student and their research, and also to assess whether this changes the supervisors' views and interactions with PPI.
One PPI partner expressed a desire for increased diversity amongst researchers and PPI partners themselves.For the SPA, or similar programmes it would be important to consider matching a diverse range of PPI partners with doctoral students, so that students are better prepared to understand health inequity/inequality.The NIHR Birmingham BRC has recently co-developed its Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) strategy (which aligns with national NIHR PPIE strategy), with one of its strategic aims focussing around diverse and inclusive involvement.The SPA aims to embed PPIE within discovery science and experimental medicine, and diverse involvement is key to ensure this research addresses the needs of diverse communities.Additionally, one of the SPA benefits noted by doctoral students was around public engagement and communication skills.Different groups of patients/public groups have different needs in relation to communication methods, which were explored in work within the Birmingham BRC via roundtable discussions with patients, clinicians, and community groups/charities [22].Findings demonstrated that in addition to patients asking for avoidance of technical jargon, some groups also prefer the use of infographics to convey scientific messages.Therefore, linking with a more diverse group of patients may further enhance students' communication and engagement skills.
We hope that the findings of this evaluation of the SPA could inform the implementation of similar PPI programmes for doctoral students.Specifically, these should include the provision of a core set of information resources describing what PPI is and how the SPA (or similar scheme) works.It should further include information about conducting virtual meetings via a variety of platforms and guidance for in-person meetings (including any relevant safeguarding measures), practical support for payment for PPI partners and some training materials on writing lay summaries and communicating to a lay audience.Offering further training through workshops to students, doctoral supervisors and PPI partners is also likely to be beneficial.In addition to formal resources, our results indicate that clear descriptions of expectations from the outset are important for all parties, including information about potential for dropout of both student and PPI partners, and research involving animals.Emerging guidelines on PPI in animal research provide additional support for the latter [23].Dedicated support staff with PPI expertise and experience are likely to be beneficial to any scheme that integrates PPI into doctoral training programmes.Finally, resources and infrastructure to support the availability of a large and diverse pool of PPI partners, ideally with a relevant condition or with lived experience (i.e., as a patient or carer) of the relevant conditions could facilitate matching the research area of interest and the PPI partner's health condition and interests, where relevant.Where patient partner availability is limited, partnering a patient with a group of students may be effective.Although it is likely that individual partnerships facilitate relationship building and confidence for junior researchers, to the authors' knowledge, no studies have directly compared group and individual partnership approaches.
Limitations of the current evaluation of the SPA include the small sample size.As such, it was not possible to systematically assess variations across centres.For example, it was more difficult to link students up with a PPI partner with a disease they considered relevant at some sites than it was at those centres supported by established disease-specific PPI groups.Some students' projects were focused on musculoskeletal ageing/sarcopenia and not on specific diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.Whilst some centres had access to PPI groups which included significant numbers of patients with specific conditions, others were supported by PPI groups that included healthy older members of the public.However, the current findings suggest that this did not have a negative impact on the extent to which partnerships between students and PPI partners were valued.

Conclusions
In conclusion, this account of our experiences with the SPA demonstrates a wealth of positive impacts for students and interested PPI partners, and highlights the resources needed to facilitate effective partnerships and implementation on a wider scale, such as dedicated staff with PPI expertise, tailored training opportunities, infrastructure to support access to a large and diverse group of patient partners, and active support from doctoral supervisors.
procedure is required according to Health Research Authority guidelines [24] in line with the UK Policy Framework for Health and Social Care Research.The work described in this paper is an evaluation of our patient and involvement service (the SPA), and REC approval or formal consent procedure is not required [25].All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the UK Standards for Patient and Public Involvement in Research, and specifically address standard six: Impact: Understand the changes, benefits and learning gained from the insights and experiences of patients, carers and the public [26].

Consent for publication
Not applicable; All quotes have been anonymised to protect the identity of participants.All participants were informed before agreeing to take part in the survey that any information provided could be anonymously shared and used by the authors.

I
How satisfied were you with the amount of interaction you had with your student?have received feedback from my student partner(s) on the impact of my involvement in their project(sIn what ways has your collaboration with your student partner(s) had a positive or negative impact on you overall?How likely are you to recommend the SPA to others?
It would probably be good if, like when you're setting up partners, if there's a question of -OK you do animal work, and if they're OK with that, just in case.Me and [name of PPI partner] can discuss anything, but if someone didn't like animal research and didn't want to discuss it… If your research is all on that, and you haven't had that discussion" (Student).

Table 2
Student and PPI partners per centre and site.* One PPI partner supported a student at each of the CMAR sites; ** One PPI partner dropped out at these sites

Table 3
Student SPA evaluation scoring

Table 4
PPI partners participation in specific research activities as part of their collaboration with their student partner