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Table 1 Social and other risk factors (number, percent) in adults, cross-sectional national survey in Bangladesh, 2015

From: Prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions and related disabilities in Bangladeshi adults: a cross-sectional national survey

Risk factors

Urban

Rural

Men

Women

All

(n = 716)

(n = 1127)

(n = 892)

(n = 951)

(n = 1843)

Age, years

 18–34

296 (41.3)

415 (36.8)

217 (24.3)

494 (51.9)

711 (38.6)

 35–54

306 (42.7)

468 (41.5)

422 (47.3)

352 (37.0)

774 (42.0)

 55–99

114 (15.9)

244 (21.7)

253 (28.4)

105 (11.0)

358 (19.4)

Occupation

 Homemakers

254 (35.5)

495 (43.9)

0 (0.0)

749 (78.8)

749 (40.7)

 Laborer

81 (11.3)

161 (14.3)

209 (23.4)

33 (3.5)

242 (13.1)

 Business professional

111 (15.5)

75 (6.7)

181 (20.3)

5 (0.5)

186 (10.1)

 Service holder

96 (13.4)

29 (2.6)

98 (11.0)

27 (2.8)

125 (6.8)

 Rickshaw/ Auto-Rick/ Van puller

27 (3.8)

44 (3.9)

70 (7.9)

1 (0.1)

71 (3.8)

 Cultivator

5 (0.7)

164 (14.6)

168 (18.9)

1 (0.1)

169 (9.2)

 Others

142 (19.8)

159 (14.1)

166 (18.6)

135 (14.2)

301 (16.3)

Education level

 No formal education (0)

143 (20.0)

421 (37.4)

267 (29.9)

297 (31.2)

564 (30.6)

 Any primary education (1–5)

131 (18.3)

325 (28.8)

233 (26.1)

223 (23.4)

456 (24.7)

 Any secondary education (6–10)

232 (32.4)

306 (27.2)

246 (27.6)

292 (30.7)

538 (29.2)

 Above secondary (> = 11)

210 (29.3)

75 (6.7)

146 (16.4)

139 (14.6)

285 (15.5)

Wealth index quartilesa

 1st

75 (10.5)

401 (35.6)

206 (23.1)

270 (28.4)

476 (25.8)

 2nd

108 (15.1)

354 (31.4)

220 (24.7)

220 (25.4)

462 (25.1)

 3rd

203 (28.4)

245 (21.7)

231 (25.9)

217 (22.8)

448 (24.3)

 4th

330 (46.1)

127 (11.3)

235 (26.3)

222 (23.3)

457 (24.8)

Overweight (body mass index≥25 Kg/m2)

225 (31.4)

167 (14.8)

148 (16.6)

244 (25.7)

392 (21.3)

History of physical traumab

78 (10.9)

100 (8.9)

88 (9.9)

90 (9.5)

178 (9.7)

Smoking, ever

207 (28.9)

392 (34.9)

583 (65.4)

16 (1.7)

599 (32.5)

Diabetes mellitusc

73 (10.2)

36 (3.2)

50 (5.6)

59 (6.2)

109 (5.9)

Strenuous physical activityd

124 (17.3)

230 (20.4)

336 (37.7)

18 (1.9)

354 (19.2)

  1. aThe wealth index was constructed using principal component analysis out of a list of 20 household assets (See Methods section for details);
  2. bPhysical trauma during last 12 months that needed medical treatment with or without residual damage, e.g., injuries due to accidents while travelling by road, trauma during occupational works while working in farming lands or factories, physical assault, etc.;
  3. cDiabetes was defined as random capillary glucose level > =11.1 or medication for diabetes;
  4. dFifth quintile of the MET-minutes distribution of work-related physical activity. Commutation and leisure time physical activities were not considered because these were negligible contributors (See Methods section for details)