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Table 3 Number of unhealthy lifestyle factors and associated factors in patients with SpA (n = 1426)

From: A combination of two or more unhealthy lifestyle factors is associated with impaired physical and mental health in patients with spondyloarthritis: a cross-sectional study

No. unhealthy lifestyle factors

0

n = 241

1

n = 569

2

n = 528

3

n = 88

(95% CI)

p value

EQ-5D (0–1)a

0.74 (0.19)

0.69 (0.23)

0.63 (0.27)

0.59 (0.25)

− 0.06 (− 0.07; − 0.04)

≤ 0.001

BASDAI (0–10)

2.9 (2.0)

3.7 (2.2)

4.4 (2.3)

4.4 (2.0)

0.61 (0.47; 0.74)

≤ 0.001

BASFI (0–10)

2.0 (2.0)

3.0 (2.5)

3.7 (2.5)

3.9 (2.5)

0.67 (0.53; 0.82)

≤ 0.001

Pain (0–10)

3.1 (2.2)

4.0 (2.6)

4.6 (2.7)

4.6 (2.5)

0.62 (0.46; 0.77)

≤ 0.001

Fatigue (0–10)

3.6 (2.6)

4.3 (2.6)

4.9 (2.7)

5.1 (2.5)

0.60 (0.43; 0.76)

≤ 0.001

HADs anxiety (0–21)

5.0 (4.1)

5.1 (4.2)

6.0 (4.5)

6.7 (4.8)

0.62 (0.35; 0.89)

≤ 0.001

HADs depression (0–21)

3.4 (3.1)

3.9 (3.4)

4.7 (3.6)

5.5 (4.5)

0.71 (0.48; 0.93)

≤ 0.001

  1. Values presented as mean (SD). 0 = no unhealthy lifestyle factors. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with beta-estimates (β-est) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), and adjustments for age and SpA subgroup
  2. SpA spondyloarthritis, EQ-5D EuroQoL 5-dimensions, BASDAI Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, BASFI Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, HADs Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale
  3. aUtilities calculated by the British time trade-off-based preference set. Missing data: EQ-5D: 66 (5%), BASDAI: 31 (2%), BASFI: 24 (1.7%), Pain/Fatigue 5 (0.3%), HADs anxiety/depression: 9 (0.6%)