Skip to main content

Advertisement

Download PDF

Serum levels of reactive oxygen metabolites at 12 weeks during tocilizumab therapy are predictive of 52 weeks-disease activity score-remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

BMC Rheumatology volume 3, Article number: 48 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

To verify whether serum levels of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) are predictive of future clinical remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) receiving tocilizumab (TCZ) therapy.

Methods

A total of 46 patients with RA receiving TCZ therapy were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into remission and non-remission groups based on disease activity score 28 (DAS28)-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or clinical disease activity index (CDAI) at 52 weeks. Associations between serum levels of ROM, C-reactive protein (CRP), and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) at 4 and 12 weeks and the remission by DAS28-ESR and CDAI at 52 weeks were investigated.

Results

There were no significant differences in CRP and MMP-3 between DAS- or CDAI-remission and non-remission groups at 12 weeks. However, ROM in DAS-remission group were significantly lower than those in the non-remission group. For ROM, the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.735 and the cut-off value that distinguished DAS-remission group from non-remission group was 305.5 U. Carr (sensitivity: 70.0%, specificity: 72.2%). A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that ROM at 12 weeks was associated with DAS-remission at 52 weeks (odds ratio: 6.067, 95% confidence interval: 1.305–28.203).

Conclusion

Serum levels of ROM at 12 weeks during TCZ therapy may be predictive of DAS-remission at 52 weeks in patients with RA.

Peer Review reports

Background

Tocilizumab (TCZ) is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the IL-6 receptor, and inhibits the binding of IL-6 to its soluble and transmembrane receptors [1, 2]. TCZ quickly reduces inflammatory reactions and significantly improves arthritis and synovitis, and prevents joint destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with moderate to high disease activity that is refractory to methotrexate, several disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and/or tumor necrosis factor inhibitors [3]. Several large-scale clinical studies have revealed the efficacy of TCZ in patients with RA [4,5,6,7].

TCZ ameliorates inflammatory manifestations and normalizes acute phase protein levels, including C-reactive protein (CRP), thus confirming the observation that IL-6 is essential for the production of CRP [8]. Sufficient concentrations of TCZ normalize serum levels of CRP even if inflammation induced by other cytokines than IL-6 remains in joints. Therefore, clinicians sometimes encounter discrepancies between the improvements in laboratory values (e.g., negative for C-reactive protein [CRP] or normal range of erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]) and the actual symptoms of patients. The problems during TCZ therapy include that clinicians have a difficulty to predict future response, and it is necessary to develop a novel biomarker other than CRP or ESR in order to predict the future clinical remission in the early treatment period.

Oxidative stress occurs in many autoimmune diseases such as RA, along with the excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Both ROS and RNS play a prominent role in signaling pathways in inflammatory cells and contribute to the destructive, proliferative synovitis of RA [9,10,11,12,13]. Recently, a d-ROM test, which measures reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) in blood throughout the Free Radical Analytical System 4 (FRAS 4, Wismarl, Italy) [14, 15], has been developed. Using this method, we have shown that ROM serum levels were associated with CRP and disease activity score based on 28 joints (DAS28) in patients with RA [16] and that the ROM value at 12 weeks after treatment with biologic agents was a predictor of 52-week remission [17].

Regarding the efficacy of TCZ on the production of reactive oxygen species, it is reported that patients using TCZ had dramatically lower hydroperoxide levels than those using non-biological DMARDs, and that TCZ showed significantly lower ROS levels when compared to anti-TNF-α [18]. However, clinical significance of measuring ROS in patients receiving TCZ therapy has not been poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether ROM could predict future clinical remission during TCZ therapy.

Methods

Patients

A total of 46 patients with RA (mean age: 60.1 y.o., disease duration: 8.1 y) receiving treatment with TCZ, including 32 naïve and 14 switched patients from other biologics, were enrolled in this study. In switched patients, a washout period of the previous biological DMARDs (bDMARDs) was not provided. Associations between the serum levels of ROM, CRP, and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) at 4 and 12 weeks and the remission as measured by DAS28-ESR and clinical disease activity index (CDAI) at 52 weeks were investigated.

Blood samples were collected for the measurement of serum CRP and MMP-3. In our hospital, the normal reference value for CRP is 0.3 mg/dL. ROM was also measured as described below.

To assess RA disease activity, measurements of DAS28-ESR and CDAI were obtained during the same visit at which the blood samples were collected. Remission based on the DAS28 and CDAI were defined as scores ≤2.6 and ≤ 2.8, respectively. Furthermore, a health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) was also assessed temporally.

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Toho University Sakura Medical Center (approval number: 2013–008), and all patients gave their written consent to participate in this study. All activities were performed in accordance with the ethical standards set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki.

Measurement of oxidative stress markers in serum

To measure serum levels of ROM, the d-ROM test was performed using the FRAS 4 analyzer in accordance with the manufacturer’s analytical procedures [14, 15]. The measurement unit of ROM is expressed as U. Carr (Carratelli units), and the values > 300 U. Carr indicate the presence of oxidative stress.

Statistical analyses

Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. All laboratory data, DAS28, CDAI, and HAQ scores were analyzed by the last-observation-carried-forward method. Between-group differences were assessed by the Mann Whitney U-test. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for ROM, CRP, and MMP-3 refer to the values at 12 weeks, and the cut-off values for ROC curves were determined by the maximum of a Youden index. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed by the stepwise method to compute the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for achievement of remission at 52 weeks. The cut-off values for ROM and CRP at 12 weeks were used as variables. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (ver. 19) software (SPSS, IL, USA), and p values < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.

Results

Background characteristics of patients

Background characteristics of patients included in this study are shown in Table 1. Overall, 82.6% of patients were treated with methotrexate (MTX, average 8.97 mg/week) and 58.7% with prednisolone (PSL, average 5.25 mg/day). Of the 14 patients who switched from other bDMARDs to TCZ, one had received infliximab, 2 etanercept, 5 certolizumab pegol, 4 abatacept, and 2 tofacitinib.

Table 1 Demographic and disease characteristics of patients
Full size table

Changes in DAS28-ESR, CDAI, and remission rate during treatment

The baseline DAS28-ESR was 4.82 ± 1.00; it rapidly decreased from baseline to 4 weeks, and further decreased gradually to 1.91 ± 1.65 at 52 weeks (Fig. 1a). The DAS-remission rate increased from baseline to 24 weeks (82.6%), and then remained the same until 52 weeks (Fig. 1b).

Fig. 1
figure1

Changes in DAS28-ESR (a) and DAS-remission rate (b). Changes in CDAI (c) and CDAI-remission rate (d). DAS: disease activity score; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CDAI: clinical disease activity index

Full size image

The baseline CDAI was 17.6 ± 9.86; it rapidly decreased from baseline to 4 weeks and further decreased gradually to 5.88 ± 11.4 at 52 weeks (Fig. 1c). The CDAI-remission rate increased from baseline to 52 weeks (47.8%) (Fig. 1d).

Comparison of CRP, MMP-3, and ROM at 4 weeks between the remission and non-remission groups

Patients were also divided into remission and non-remission groups based on CDAI at 52 weeks. Twenty-two patients were included in the remission group and 24 in the non-remission group. There were no significant differences in CRP, MMP-3, and ROM between the DAS- or CDAI-remission and non-remission groups (Table 2).

Table 2 Comparison of parameters between 52 weeks-remission and 52 weeks-non remission groups at 4 weeks of TCZ therapy
Full size table

Comparison of CRP, MMP-3, and ROM at 12 weeks between the remission and non-remission groups

There were no significant differences in CRP and MMP-3 between the DAS- or CDAI-remission and non-remission groups. However, ROM values in the DAS-remission group were significantly lower than those in the non-remission group (p < 0.01, Table 3). No significant difference in ROM was seen between the CDAI-remission and the non-remission groups.

Table 3 Comparison of parameters between 52 weeks-remission and 52 weeks-non remission groups at 12 weeks of TCZ therapy
Full size table

Changes in ROM serum levels in the DAS-remission and non-remission groups at 52 weeks of treatment

Patients were divided into remission and non-remission groups based on DAS28-ESR at 52 weeks. Of the 46 patients, 36 were included in the remission group and 10 in the non-remission group.

The baseline ROM serum level in the remission group was 619 ± 150 U.Carr; it decreased from baseline to 4 weeks, and then further decreased gradually to 262 ± 66.4 U. Carr at 52 weeks (Fig. 2, straight line). The baseline ROM serum level in the non-remission group was 533 ± 109 U.Carr; it decreased from baseline to 4 weeks, but then increased gradually to 402 ± 118 U. Carr at 52 weeks (Fig.2, dotted line).

Fig. 2
figure2

Changes in ROM serum levels in 52 weeks-DAS-remission group (straight green line) and non-remission group (dotted blue line). *Significant difference between 52 weeks-DAS-remission and non-remission group, p < 0.05. ROM: reactive oxygen metabolites; DAS: disease activity score

Full size image

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses for ROM, CRP, and MMP-3 that distinguishes the DAS-remission group from the non-remission group

For ROM, the area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC curve (blue) was 0.735, and the cut-off value (indicated by the asterisk) that distinguished DAS-remission from non-remission was 305.5 U. Carr (sensitivity: 70.0%, specificity: 72.2%) (Fig. 3). The AUC for CRP (green) and MMP-3 was 0.688 and 0.436, respectively. DAS-ESR at 52 weeks was highly correlated with ROM at 12 weeks (r = 0.597, p < 0.01) (Fig. 4).

Fig. 3
figure3

ROC curves for ROM (blue), CRP (green), and MMP-3, and cut-off value for ROM that distinguishes DAS-remission from non-remission at 52 weeks. The ROC curves refer to the values at 12 weeks. The cut-off value for ROC curves was determined by the maximum of a Youden index. An asterisk shows the cut-off value for ROM (=305.5). ROC: receiver operating characteristic; ROM: reactive oxygen metabolites; CRP: C-reactive protein; MMP-3: matrix metalloproteinase-3

Full size image
Fig. 4
figure4

Correlation between serum levels of ROM at 12 weeks and DAS28-ESR at 52 weeks. Serum levels of ROM at 12 weeks are well correlated with DAS28-ESR at 52 weeks (r = 0.597, p < 0.01). ROM: reactive oxygen metabolites; DAS: disease activity score; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Full size image

To calculate the ORs and 95% CIs between patients with scores higher than and lower than the cut-off values, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. The cut-off values for ROM and CRP at 12 weeks were used as variables. As a result, ROM at 12 weeks was identified as being associated with DAS-remission at 52 weeks (OR: 6.067, 95% CI: 1.305–28.203); however, CRP at 12 weeks was not (Table 4). Naïve or switch of bDMARDs and presence or absence of prednisolone use did not affect the association.

Table 4 A multivariate logistic regression analysis. The cut-off values for ROM and CRP at 12 weeks were used as variables. ORs and 95% CIs were calculated between patients with scores higher than and lower than the cut-off values. The cut-off values for receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were determined by the maximum of a Youden index
Full size table

Discussion

In the present study, we demonstrated that ROM serum level at 12 weeks during treatment with TCZ could be a biomarker to predict DAS-remission at 52 weeks. The cut-off value for ROM was 305.5 U. Carr, which indicates the importance of decreasing the ROM serum level to almost within normal range (< 300 U.Carr) at 12 weeks during TCZ therapy to achieve the remission.

Choosing the ideal surrogate markers for inflammation in patients receiving TCZ therapy has been controversial. ESR and CRP are well-known surrogate markers of inflammation that reflect activity of various disease states such as infection, malignancy, connective tissue disease, and coronary artery disease [19]. Particularly in RA, ESR and CRP are often used markers that reflect disease activity. However, ESR and CRP levels measured at flares in patients receiving TCZ therapy were within normal limits or lower [19]. Thus, ESR and CRP are not suitable as inflammation markers when patients are receiving TCZ therapy.

In terms of biomarkers to evaluate the clinical course during treatment with TCZ, it has been reported that serum IL-6 is a useful marker instead of CRP and ESR because TCZ is an antibody to the IL-6 receptor that does not directly suppress IL-6 production [3]. The researchers showed that serum IL-6 levels from 12 to 24 weeks after TCZ initiation better reflected the efficacy of TCZ at 52 weeks. It has also been reported that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a more reliable marker than ESR or CRP for evaluating the disease activity in patients with RA during TCZ therapy [19].

Recently, several studies have documented predictors of response to TCZ at baseline. Discontinuation of TCZ within 1 year was predicted by low CRP, high HAQ and prior exposure to biological agents [20], while younger age, baseline high CRP levels and no history of prior cardiovascular events were predictors of better response to TCZ [21]. However, predictors in the early stage after starting TCZ therapy have not been demonstrated to date.

Serum IL-6 level before and after TCZ therapy is a principal biomarker in patients with RA [22]. Baseline serum IL-6 level is a potential biomarker reflecting disease activity. Furthermore, serum IL-6 level during TCZ therapy is a useful biomarker to estimate residual inflammation in joints and to predict responsiveness to TCZ. Although measurement of serum IL-6 appears to be useful for judging the treatment process and predicting future remission, it is performed by enzyme immunoassay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that generally need high costs and several days to receive the results.

Measurement of ROM is easily performed using FRAS 4 analyzer with low costs, and investigators can know the results shortly. Instead of IL-6, serum ROM level was measured in this study; at 12 weeks, it was significantly lower in the DAS-remission group than in the non-remission group. At that time, CRP and MMP-3, two conventionally used biomarkers for monitoring the disease activity of RA, were also compared between the DAS-remission and non-remission groups, but there were no significant differences. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that ROM at 12 weeks was associated with DAS-remission at 52 weeks, but CRP at 12 weeks was not. These observations suggest that ROM at 12 weeks is predictive of DAS-remission at 52 weeks during treatment with TCZ, and that ROM is superior to CRP or MMP-3 as a surrogate marker to predict DAS-remission.

In patients receiving TCZ therapy, CDAI is often used to evaluate disease activity. However, there were no significant differences in CRP, MMP-3, and ROM at 12 weeks between the CDAI-remission and non-remission groups. Why was the serum level of ROM not predictive of CDAI-remission? We previously showed that the serum level of ROM correlated with CRP in RA patients [16]. Since CDAI does not contain an index of inflammation such as CRP or ESR, CDAI may not be associated with ROM. Actually, in terms of SDAI- or Boolean-remission, both of which contain CRP, there was a significant difference in ROM levels at 12 weeks between the remission and non-remission groups (data not shown). Another possibility is the small number of patients. Since there was only a tendency that the ROM level at 12 weeks of 52 weeks-CDAI-remission group was lower than that of 52 weeks-CDAI-non remission group (p = 0.158, Table 3), further studies are required to conclude if the serum level of ROM could be predictive of 52 weeks-CDAI-remission.

We previously reported that the cut-off value of ROM at 12 weeks that distinguished DAS-remission from non-remission in patients receiving biological DMARDs (bDMARDs) was 381.5 U. Carr [17], although it was 305.5 U. Carr in patients receiving TCZ in this study. Since TCZ strongly suppresses production of CRP, and ROM is well correlated with CRP, the cut-off value of ROM would be lower than when using bDMARDs other than TCZ. Since the normal range of ROM is < 300 U. Carr, it is important to decrease ROM levels to within the normal limit at 12 weeks to achieve remission at 52 weeks.

This study has some limitations. First, the sample size was small. An investigation using a large sample size will be necessary to establish whether ROM is predictive of remission. Second, although oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of many diseases in humans [23,24,25,26,27,28], its role in the pathobiology of RA remains unclear. Further studies are required to establish the clinical significance of oxidative stress in RA.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that the ROM serum level at 12 weeks during treatment with TCZ was a useful biomarker to predict DAS-remission at 52 weeks. As a biomarker to predict DAS-remission, ROM was superior to CRP or MMP-3. The serum level of ROM could be a biomarker to monitor treatment efficacy of TCZ in routine clinical practice.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during the current study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

CDAI:

clinical disease activity index

CRP:

C-reactive protein

DAS 28:

disease activity score based on the examination of 28 joints

HAQ:

health assessment questionnaire

MMP-3:

matrix metalloproteinase-3

RA:

rheumatoid arthritis

ROM:

reactive oxygen metabolites

TCZ:

tocilizumab

References

  1. 1.

    Tanaka T, Kishimoto T. The biology and medical implications of interleukin-6. Cancer Immunol Res. 2014;2:288–94.

  2. 2.

    Kang S, Tanaka T, Kishimoto T. Therapeutic uses of anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody. Int Immunol. 2015;27:21–9.

  3. 3.

    Aizu M, Mizushima I, Nakazaki S, Nakashima A, Kato T, Murayama T, Kato S, Katsuki Y, Ogane K, Fjii H, Yamada K, Nomura H, Yachie A, Yamagishi M, Kawano M. Changes in serum interleukin-6 levels as possible predictor of efficacy of tocilizumab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol. 2018;28:592–8.

  4. 4.

    Nishimoto N, Hashimoto J, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, et al. Study of active controlled monotherapy used for rheumatoid arthritis, an IL-6 inhibitor (SAMURAI): evidence of clinical and radiographic benefit from an X-ray reader-blinded randomized controlled trial of tocilizumab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:1162–7.

  5. 5.

    Nishimoto N, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, Azuma J, et al. Study of active controlled tocilizumab monotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate (SATORI): significant reduction in disease activity and serum vascular endothelial growth factor by IL-6 receptor inhibition therapy. Mod Rheumatol. 2009;19:12–9.

  6. 6.

    Dougados M, Kissel K, Sheeran T, Tak PP, Conaghan PG, Mola EM, et al. Adding tocilizumab or switching to tocilizumab monotherapy in methotrexate inadequate responders: 24-week symptomatic and structural results of a 2-year randomized controlled strategy trial in rheumatoid arthritis (ACT-RAY). Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:43–50.

  7. 7.

    Takeuchi T, Tanaka Y, Amano K, Hoshi D, Nawata M, Nagasawa H, et al. Clinical, radiographic and functional effectiveness of tocilizumab for rheumatoid arthritis patients-REACTION 52-week study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50:1908–15.

  8. 8.

    Nishimoto N, Terao K, Mima T, Nakahara H, Takagi N, Kakehi T. Mechanisms and pathologic significances in increase in serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble IL-6 receptor after administration of an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and Castleman disease. Blood. 2008;112:3959–64.

  9. 9.

    Pradhan A, Bagchi A, De S, Mitra S, Mukherjee S, Ghosh P, Ghosh A, Chatterjee M. Role of redox imbalance and cytokines in mediating oxidative damage and disease progression of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Free Radic Res. 2019;53:768–79.

  10. 10.

    Winyard PG, Tatzber F, Esterbauer H, Kus ML, Blake DR, Morris CJ. Presence of foam cells containing oxidised low density lipoprotein in the synovial membrane from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1993;52:677–80.

  11. 11.

    Kurien BT, Scofield RH. Autoimmunity and oxidatively modified autoantigens. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;7:567–73.

  12. 12.

    Jaswal S, Mehta HC, Sood AK, Kaur J. Antioxidant status in rheumatoid arthritis and role of antioxidant therapy. Clin Chim Acta. 2003;338:123–9.

  13. 13.

    Phillips DC, Dias HK, Kitas GD, Griffiths HR. Aberrant reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA): causes and consequences for immune function, cell survival, and therapeutic intervention. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010;12:743–85.

  14. 14.

    Carratelli M, Porcaro L, Ruscica M, De Simone E, Bertelli AA, Corsi MM. Reactive oxygen metabolites and prooxidant status in children with Down’s syndrome. Int J Clin Pharm Res. 2001;21:79–84.

  15. 15.

    Trotti R, Carratelli M, Barbieri M, Micieli G, Bosone D, Rondanelli M, Bo P. Oxidative stress and a thrombophilic condition in alcoholics without severe liver disease. Haematologica. 2001;86:85–91.

  16. 16.

    Nakajima A, Aoki Y, Shibata Y, Sonobe M, Terajima F, Takahashi H, Saito M, Taniguchi S, Yamada M, Nakagawa K. Identification of clinical parameters associated with serum oxidative stress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol. 2014;6:926–30.

  17. 17.

    Nakajima A, Aoki Y, Sonobe M, Takahashi H, Saito M, Nakagawa K. Serum level of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) at 12 weeks of treatment with biologic agents for rheumatoid arthritis is a novel predictor for 52-week remission. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36:309–15.

  18. 18.

    Hirao M, Yamasaki N, Oze H, Ebina K, Nampei A, Kawato Y, Shi K, Yoshikawa H, Nishimoto N, Hashimoto J. Serum level of oxidative stress marker is dramatically low in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32:4041–5.

  19. 19.

    Ghang B, Kwon O, Hong S, Lee CK, Yoo B, Kim YG. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a reliable marker of treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis patients during tocilizumab therapy. Mod Rheumatol. 2017;27:405–10.

  20. 20.

    Forsblad-d'Elia H, Bengtsson K, Kristensen LE, Jacobsson LT. Drug adherence, response and predictors thereof for tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Swedish biologics register. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54:1186–93.

  21. 21.

    Pers YM, Fortunet C, Constant E, Lambert J, Godfrin-Valnet M, De Jong A, Mercier G, Pallot Prades B, Wendling D, Gaudin P, Jorgensen C, Marotte H, Maillefert JF. Predictors of response and remission in a large cohort of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tocilizumab in clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53:76–84.

  22. 22.

    Shimamoto K, Ito T, Ozaki Y, Amuro H, Tanaka A, Nishizawa T, Son Y, Inaba M, Nomura S. Serum interleukin 6 before and after therapy with tocilizumab is a principal biomarker in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2013;40:1074–81.

  23. 23.

    Faienza MF, Francavilla R, Goffredo R, Ventura A, Marzano F, Panzarino G, Marinelli G, Cavallo L, Di Bitonto G. Oxidative stress in obesity and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Horm Res Paediatr. 2012;78:158–64.

  24. 24.

    Coaccioli S, Standoli ML, Biondi R, Panaccione A, Landucci P, Del Giorno R, Paladini A, Standoli M, Puxeddu A. Assessment of the oxidative stress markers in patients with chronic renal insufficiency undergoing dialysis treatment. Clin Ther. 2010;161:441–4.

  25. 25.

    Koutsokera A, Papaioannou AI, Malli F, Kiropoulos TS, Katsabeki A, Kerenidi T, Gourgoulianis KI, Daniil ZD. Systemic oxidative stress in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2009;22:603–7.

  26. 26.

    Suzuki S, Matsukura S, Takeuchi H, Kawaguchi M, Ieki K, Odaka M, Watanabe S, Homma T, Dohi K, Aruga T, Sato M, Kurokawa M, Kokubu F, Adachi M. Increase in reactive oxygen metabolite level in acute exacerbations of asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008;146(Suppl 1):67–72.

  27. 27.

    Kotani K, Koibuchi H, Miyamoto M, Yamada T, Taniguchi N. Relationship between reactive oxygen metabolites and carotid intima-media thickness in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Med Princ Pract. 2010;19:496–8.

  28. 28.

    Yamanaka G, Kawashima H, Suganami Y, Watanabe C, Watanabe Y, Miyajima T, Takekuma K, Oguchi S, Hoshika A. Diagnostic and predictive value of CSF d-ROM level in influenza virus-associated encephalopathy. J Neurol Sci. 2006;243:71–5.

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was funded by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research of Japan (No. 26462321 to AN). The fund was used for the measurement and analysis of the serum levels of ROM.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopaedics, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura, Chiba, 285-8741, Japan
    • Arata Nakajima
    • , Masato Sonobe
    • , Hiroshi Takahashi
    • , Yorikazu Akatsu
    • , Junya Saito
    • , Shinji Taniguchi
    • , Manabu Yamada
    •  & Koichi Nakagawa
  2. Department of Rheumatology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura, Chiba, 285-8741, Japan
    • Arata Nakajima
  3. Department of Rehabilitation, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura, Chiba, 285-8741, Japan
    • Arata Nakajima
    •  & Keiichiro Terayama
  4. Department of General Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
    • Yasuchika Aoki
  5. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, 3-6-2 Okayamadai, Togane, Chiba, 283-8686, Japan
    • Yasuchika Aoki
  6. Department of Orthopaedics, Toho University Omori Medical Center, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
    • Ayako Kubota
Authors
  1. Arata Nakajima
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  2. Keiichiro Terayama
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  3. Masato Sonobe
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  4. Yasuchika Aoki
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  5. Hiroshi Takahashi
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  6. Yorikazu Akatsu
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  7. Junya Saito
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  8. Shinji Taniguchi
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  9. Manabu Yamada
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  10. Ayako Kubota
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in
  11. Koichi Nakagawa
    View author publications
    You can also search for this author in

Contributions

AN participated in the design of the study, performed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. KT and HT participated in the design of the study and performed statistical analyses. MS participated in the design of the study and helped to draft the manuscript. YoA, JS, ST and MY collected patients’ clinical information and made a part of figures and tables. YaA, AK and KN conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination and helped to revise the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Arata Nakajima.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Approval for the study was received from the Ethics Committee of Toho University Sakura Medical Center, and all patients gave their written consent to participate in this study (approval number: 2013–008). All activities were performed in accordance with the ethical standards set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nakajima, A., Terayama, K., Sonobe, M. et al. Serum levels of reactive oxygen metabolites at 12 weeks during tocilizumab therapy are predictive of 52 weeks-disease activity score-remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Rheumatol 3, 48 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41927-019-0096-1

Download citation

Keywords

  • Reactive oxygen metabolites
  • Tocilizumab
  • Remission
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Biomarker

BMC Rheumatology

ISSN: 2520-1026

Contact us